CZAKAN
The csakan is a type of woodwind instrument that was popular in Austria-Hungary in the 19th century.
A type of duct flute, the csakan was originally a recorder crafted in the shape of a walking stick with a mouthpiece in the handle, reflecting the design of Hungarian war hammers which had been converted into flutes. From the 1820s, a new design appeared, which was in the shape of an oboe or clarinet.
The csakan is a transposing instrument in A-flat although it could also be considered a transposing instrument in A when used with guitars which were almost always tuned a semitone down when accompanying the csakan. Modern manufacturers refer to it as "the Romantic recorder".
Octaving is achieved on the csakan in the same manner as the recorder, that is by partially opening the thumb hole to allow it to act as a register vent. However, csakans were sometimes equipped with a removable bushing for the thumbhole which would create the correct opening size with the thumb removed from the hole. This necessitates the use of overblown fingerings for C♯5 and D5 which would otherwise be produced from the thumb hole.
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